Friday, May 22, 2020

What Was the Black Hole of Calcutta

The Black Hole of Calcutta was a tiny prison cell in Fort William, in the Indian city of Calcutta. According to John Zephaniah Holwell of the British East India Company, on June 20, 1756, the Nawab of Bengal imprisoned 146 British captives inside the airless room overnight — when the chamber was opened the next morning, only 23 men (including Holwell) were still alive. This story inflamed public opinion in Great Britain, and led to the characterization of the Nawab, Siraj-ud-daulah, and by extension all Indians as cruel savages. However, there is much controversy surrounding this story — though the prison was very much a real location that was later used by British troops as a storage warehouse. Controversy and Truths As a matter of fact, no contemporary sources ever corroborated Holwells story — and Holwell has since been  caught fabricating other incidents of similar controversial natures. Many historians question the accuracy, positing that perhaps his account may have been a mere exaggeration or entirely a figment of his imagination. Some posit that given the dimensions of the room at 24 feet by 18 feet, it would not have been possible to cram more than about 65 prisoners into the space. Others say that if several had died, all of them inevitably would have at the same time as limited oxygen would have killed everyone simultaneously, not depriving them individually, unless Howell and his surviving crew had strangled the others to save air. The story of the Black Hole of Calcutta actually could be one of historys great scams, along with the bombing of the battleship Maine in Havana Harbor, the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, and Saddam Husseins putative weapons of mass destruction. Consequences and the Fall of Calcutta Whatever the truth of the case, the young Nawab was killed the next year at the Battle of Plassey, and the British East India Company assumed control over most of the Indian subcontinent, ending the utilization of the Black Hole of Calcutta as a place for prisoners of war. After the British conquered Nawab, they established the prison as a warehouse for stores during the preceding wars. In memory of some 70-odd troops that had supposedly died in 1756, an obelisk was erected in a graveyard in Kolkata, India. On it, the names of those that Howell wrote had died so he could live are immortalized in stone. A fun, if little-known fact: the Black Hole of Calcutta may have served as the inspiration for the name of the same ​astrological regions of space, at least according to NASA astrophysicist Hong-Yee Chiu. Thomas Pynchon even mentions the hellish place in his book Mason Dixon. No matter how you regard this mysterious ancient prison, it has inspired folklore and artist alike since its closure.

Friday, May 8, 2020

Inside the Holocaust Biography of Adolf Hilter Essay

Inside the Holocaust Inside of this report tells about Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Soldiers. The Nazi Soldiers are people who despise Jewish people. Adolf Hitler began a legacy that will never be forgotten by many Jews. Adolf Hitler started the whole Holocaust which is now history. Read on to find out more. Adolf Hitler’s Biography Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau Am Inn, Austria on April 20, 1889 (www.biography.com). Adolf Hitler was the fourth of six children. His brothers and sisters didn’t encourage anything that Hitler was involved in. Hitler’s parents didn’t even know. His parent’s names are Alois Hitler and Klara Plozl. Hitler moved to Germany when he was 3 years old. His mother said he was always drawing and that†¦show more content†¦A woman named Ilse Koch. The Nazis called her â€Å"Inhumane† and â€Å"Depraved†(www.stormfront.org). She walked around the camp naked and if any Jew simply glanced at her she would shoot them in the head on the spot. Ilse was married so she felt mad when they looked at her. After the war she hung herself and said she was consumed by guilt in 1967. Another man named Klaus is the one who stripped the Jews and then took their clothes. He murdered them by putting them in the Gas Chambers. Camps and Killings There were exactly 14 camps. They are named Auschwitz, Balzac, Bergen, Buchenwald, Chelmno, Dachau, Flossenburg, Majdanek, Mauthausen, Ravensbruck, Sachsenhausen, lastly Sabibor. The Official name for these camps is called Concentration camps. Taking the lead with the most killings is camp Auschwitz with 2,000,000 killings. Over 1.1 Million children were killed (www.jewishhistory.com ). What Does Hitler Have Against The Jews? Hitler HATES Jews because after the World War he believes a Jew caused the loss. Hitler also believed that since his grandma died after having a Jewish doctor that the Jewish doctor made her die. This was false. She died because of cancer he just refused to believe it. He also had a Jewish art teacher that said that he cannot draw. (www.Randomfacts.com ) Hitler’s Death Hitler committed suicide in his Berlin bunk by swallowing a pill and then shooting himself in the head. Hitler’s wife that heShow MoreRelatedThe Themes and Motivations Behind George Orwells 19842682 Words   |  11 PagesEton, several key historical happenings occurred that would shape his later years. Eric learned of the Armistice that ended World War I, (and though he was not yet politically affiliated), he also read of men by the names of Vladimir Lenin and Adolf Hitler. (Hitler, n.d. Stalin, n.d.) Though these men were involved in two very different spectrums of governance, both would later play a very important part in molding Eric’s political ideals. While at Eton, Eric’s tutor was A.S.F. Gow, a fellow

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Caucasian American Race in My Community Free Essays

Being a Caucasian American residing in Western Massachusetts I believe that my ancestors were native from the polish and Irish descendants. According to the research I conducted I found that under this population the white people are described as those people with an origin from Europe, Middle East or North Africa, the African –American or the popularly known as the â€Å"Blacks† are said to have originated from any black race of the Sub-Saharan Africa, the American Indians who are also referred to as the Alaska Native are those with an origin from any of the people of the North, Central and South America and are popularly known to be maintaining the affiliation of its tribe. The Asian Americans are the people originating from the Far East, South East Asia and the Indian sub-continent and lastly the Hispanics, these is the population that are said to be bi-racial. We will write a custom essay sample on Caucasian American Race in My Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Jessica and Claudette, 2002) In the city I find that there are more people from different origins who do not look like my ethnic group and the majority of them are the African Americans who I find to be people originating from the native Sub-Saharan Africa, who were captives that were enslaved within the boundaries of the United States although some of them originated from the voluntary African Immigrants from Africa. Whereby, in the year 1860, 3.5 million Africans were enslaved in the Southern part of the United States while 500,000 lived free across the United States. (Jessica and Claudette, 2002) How Are The Caucasian Americans Different From The African American? According to research I therefore state that in areas resided by the Caucasian American population is highly developed, taking an example of Western Massachusetts where the Asian Americans are said to be well represented in several professional sectors through which they are said to be earning higher wages especially in the sectors that involve business and technology even though they are poorly represented in the higher management levels. Under this I find that in the year 2002 the businesses for this ethnic group had recorded a number of over 1.1 million businesses where they employed more than 2million workers where they had revenue of above $326 billion. Leadership in My Community I find that inequality exist within the ethnic groups in my community, whereby according to a survey done I indicate that disparities exist among the ethnic groups under which it is said that this inequality is practiced where, higher incomes whites and Asians are discriminated from the Blacks the Native Americans.   I therefore say that in my community many leaders come from the rich who take the prerogative to solve problems in the city, solutions put forward by the rich have not worked at all, but have made much harsher the Caucasian American conditions for living where the problem of us the Caucasians get neglected, causing the inter-depended equations to get ever more lopsided and we are back to where we started from in our normal problems, this shows that there are no solutions that work for the poor and that if there were, communities like mine would already be using them. (Lupton Power 2002) Under leadership we find this racial discrimination has led to the following effects on the gender sensitivity in my community: Economic development under this, I find that women are said to be disadvantaged by the segregation in the distribution of income and consumption within the Western Massachusetts where the share of the national income shows that there is inequality between women and men in the society, where women are said to have a significantly lower share of national income than men in my city. Personal insecurity the racial discrimination is said to lead to gender segregation among the various ethnic groups in my community thus leading to the women to be at a risk from violence in Western Massachusetts, whereby practices such as the traditional believes where women are regarded as burdens rather than assets this is normally practiced in Western Massachusetts Media Representation of Racism in Western Massachusetts The need for dependency makes the people in my community to be looking upon the media to be given information about the events taking place and the products present in the market globally, so they have to tolerate the messages by the media so as they get the information about a particular event taking place. In this case we find that the people read, listen and interpret the message depending on their socio-economic class, gender, age, education and their ethnic backgrounds, in this manner we find that they are influenced by the media to carry out a particular action or even to copy the concepts of life shown in the message that is put across to them through advertisements. (Couldry and Curran, 2003)   Under this, I have found out that there is always some disinformation about my ethnic group whereby this practice is not only practiced by the business owners, but it is also used by various political leaders and the government, who influence the media organizations to disseminate certain information that is meant to undermine the Caucasian American community and their leaders in the government and through this, I find that many people are led to take an action depending on the message given to them by the media who are surely, aware that the information included in the advertisement is not true. (Couldry and Curran, 2003) Racial Discrimination in Western Massachusetts Schools The term racial discrimination creates a distinction between one group of people from another, this is normally based on the skin colour, facial features and the hair texture, it normally vary depending on the culture, and social economic factors in my community   According to the secondary research that I conducted, I find that the this area is highly affected by racism in many sectors including schools where racism is practiced through   the separation of students by their colour; I find that many students who attend sub-urban schools are white, since the sub-urban schools are meant for those individuals who are claimed to be belonging to a higher social class this is because the schools are claimed to be of a higher quality compared to the other schools that are attended by the Caucasian   children. (Darnell, James and Downey, 1998) Effects of Racial Segregation in Schools I found out that, teachers in many schools are said to be practicing discipline on students depending on the race, gender and socio-economic factors, though many people including teachers, argue that the discipline and policy practices in schools are balanced and objective, there are still main causes that lead to an increase in the number of students of colour being send out of school, there are various causes of racial inequality in discipline implementation in many public schools in my community and   these include; Cultural Insensitivity And Misunderstanding; I find that this has been said to be the major factor leading to crisis in discipline systems both in students and the teaching staff that is believed to be leading to the distinction between racial and ethnic groups among students. Due to the growing urban population in my community, many suburban schools are growing, thus increasing the racial and language differences On contrary, the number of teachers decreases as a result of color and social differences in which I find that   many school Administrators employ teachers depending on the number of the colour of the students, this has probably led to a cultural variance through which a number of teachers lack knowledge with the cultural values, and belief systems of the particular students. Therefore due to lack of the teachers’ familiarity with the students’ cultural perspectives the teacher is not able to understand the behaviour of a particular student. (Darnell, James and Downey, 1998) Psychological Insinuation racial discrimination is said to be having psychological implication on various children in the society since the children are forced to participate in a particular culture at school which needs them to alter to their home cultures through this the students face a variety of conflicts giving rise to a psychological and identity problem. Socio-Economic Factors; this is normally experienced in many schools creating differences among the members in the learning institution. For example in a situation where we find a teacher living in a middle social class that has a uniform way of living and a lower income student living in an economically troubled society, this differences between the teacher and the student is said to complicate the relationship between the two groups. (Karl and Linda 1997) Alienation this normally occurs in children due to the assimilation policies that are imposed in schools which are normally meant to break the conversion of culture and language from an older generation to a younger generation this leads to the alienating of the native children from their society older to younger stimulating the identity crisis within their societies. This alienation can lead social isolation that might also lead to depression through stress anger and fatigue which normally happen to detract the student from performing in schools. I therefore argue that, racial discrimination in Western Massachusetts   schools has a diversified effects on the students which normally differ with the presence of many factors including those of self attitudes and the cultural and socio-economic backgrounds this factors target the performance of the students whereby a negative impact is brought that is when a school administration fails to address the needs of its students this may be done when the school administers in formulating its curricula that include the exclusion of minority cultures and languages which proves to lack relevance to the students thus making the students to loose interest whereby they fail to attend school and some of them dropping out of schools due to the boredom caused by the school curricula this course may also lead to a low literacy rate among the members of the society. Recommendation I therefore conclude that, in most cases lack of motivation leads to, absenteeism, poor performance, lack of involvement in activities, and dropout cases in schools. Most students are said to be undergoing various challenges while at school, these problems may include: fear of failure, lack of academic success, social pressures, lack of confidence in themselves, misplacement of papers and books, frequent absenteeism, lack of motivation and quietness at school as a result of racial discrimination. I recommend teachers in Western Massachusetts to focus on the students’ problems culturally, linguistically and socially and at the same time, they should encourage the students to choose subjects that are of interest to them. The government plays a role of ensuring that commitments to equal rights and opportunities are upheld and delivered, by setting an enabling environment for gender and racial equality at the country level and in the Western Massachusetts community through the formulation and implementation of conferences and international conformities. Therefore, I recommend that the governments should empower the poor Caucasian American community by improving the internal governance structures, finance management systems, skills knowledge and abilities. Promote linkages, learning and dialogue between the poor and support the formation of umbrella groups that can effectively negotiate member interests with outside activists. Reference Couldry N. and Curran, J. (2003) – Contesting Media Power, Alternative media in a Networked world, Lanham Oxford, Rowman Littlefield Darnell A. Downey D. (1998):-Assessing the Oppositional Culture Explanation for Racial/Ethnic Differences in School Performance American Sociological Review 63: 536-553. Jessica S. and Claudette E (2002)   The Asian Population: 2000. Census Bureau publication, c2kbr01-16 Karl, A. and Linda, N. (1997): Children, Schools, and Inequality: Boulder, Co- Westview Lupton, R Power A. (2002). â€Å"Social Exclusion and Neighbourhoods In Understanding Social Exclusion† Hills J, Le Grand J. Piachaud D. Edn pp. 118- 140. Oxford: Oxford University Press. How to cite Caucasian American Race in My Community, Essay examples